On-going ECCO research projects

 

The following is an overview of the main topics currently being investigated in ECCO, including the names of the most directly involved researchers and some representative references. Elswehere you can find a summary of previous research. For more details, check our publications or Working Papers.

 

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Mediator Mechanisms in the Evolution of Organization

This project in a sense provides the theoretical framework for all other, more specific ECCO projects. It tries to understand how initially independent or competing agents can form a cooperative system, through the evolution of "mediators". These are concrete or abstract systems that regulate the interactions between the agents, so as to minimize conflict or "friction", and to maximize synergy. The mediator scenario integrates several more specific models of self-organization and the evolution of cooperation. It helps us to understand evolutionary progress towards higher organization, complexity and adaptability. It further suggests concrete applications, e.g. in economic development or the regulation of self-organizing systems.

Researchers: Heylighen, Gershenson, Stewart, Martens, Loengarov, Göktepe

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. (2004): "Mediator Evolution: a general scenario for the origin of dynamical hierarchies", [submitted]
• Stewart, J. E. (2000), Evolution's Arrow (Rivett: Chapman Press).
• Martens B. (2005): The cognitive mechanics of economic development and institutional change, (Cambridge University Press). (in press)

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Evolutionary-Systemic Philosophy

Here we investigate the new philosophy, including ontology, epistemology and ethics, implied by the science of complex, evolving systems. The resulting integrated world-view should allow us to address the age-old questions: What is? Who are we? Where do we come from? Where do we go to? What can we know? What is the meaning of life?...

Researchers: Heylighen, Vidal, Gershenson,  Gontier, Stewart, Bernheim

Selected References:

• Vidal C. An Enduring Philosophical Agenda. Worldview Construction as a Philosophical Method (ECCO working paper 2007-03)
• Heylighen F. (2000): "Foundations and Methodology for an Evolutionary World View: a review of the Principia Cybernetica Project", Foundations of Science, 5, p. 457-490.
• Heylighen F., P. Cilliers, & C. Gershenson (2007): "Complexity and Philosophy", in: Jan Bogg and Robert Geyer (editors), Complexity, Science and Society, (Radcliffe Publishing, Oxford

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Evolution and Development of the Universe

Here we look at cosmology and the origin and development of the universe from an "evo-devo" perspective, which combines the unpredictable dynamics of variation and natural selection of cosmic laws and constants, with the more predictable "developmental" dynamics of an organism growing towards more mature organization.

Researchers: Vidal, Smart, Stewart

Selected References:

• Vidal, C., 2009 (editor) Charles Auffray, Alex H. Blin, Jean Chaline, Louis Crane, Thomas Durt, Borje Ekstig, Horace Fairlamb, Jan Greben, Rob Hengeveld, Francis Heylighen, Gerard Jagers op Akkerhuis, Giuseppe Longo, Nicolas F. Lori, Denis Noble, Laurent Nottale, Franc Rottiers, Stanley Salthe, John Stewart, Ruediger Vaas, Gertrudis Van de Vijver, Nico M. van Straalen, Clément Vidal, (authors), The Evolution and Development of the Universe. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 8-9 Oct., 2008: Special Issue of the Conference on the Evolution and Development of the Universe, 12 peer-reviewed papers with 20 open commentaries, published in Foundations    of    Science,    355
  pages.
• Smart, J.M. (2008) Evo Devo Universe? A Framework for Speculations on Cosmic Culture. In: Cosmos and Culture, Steven J. Dick (ed)., NASA Press
• Vidal, C. (2008). The Future of Scientific Simulations: from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis. To be published in Death And Anti-Death, Volume 6: Thirty Years After Kurt Gödel (1906-1978), ed. Tandy, C., Ria University Press.

 

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High Energy Astrobiology

The increase of complexity in our universe might already have appeared outside Earth, and possibly beyond our level of development. Yet, all high energy astrophysics models implicitly suppose that phenomena we observe are "natural" or simple, rather than "artificial" or complex. Here, we investigate if advanced intelligent life exists in the universe, and develop criteria to distinguish between natural and artificial systems. Vidal (2011) has argued that some close binary star systems in accretion might be extraterrestrial civilizations. This hypothesis needs to be further assessed.

Researchers: Vidal

Selected References:

• Vidal, C. 2011. Black Holes: Attractors for Intelligence? Presented at the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, "Towards a scientific and societal agenda on extra-terrestrial life", 4-5 Oct 2010. http://arxiv.org/abs/1104.4362
• Open questions: http://www.highenergyastrobiology.com

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Self-Organization of Intelligent Artefacts

This research applies general principes of self-organization and distributed cognition to design an "ambient intelligence" environment, in which several simple artefacts and/or sensors (e.g. traffic lights) communicate and coordinate to provide an integrated service.

Researchers: Gershenson, Bollen D, Kiemen

Selected References:

• Gershenson C., Heylighen F. (2004): Protocol Requirements for Self-organizing Artifacts: Towards an Ambient Intelligence, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Complex Systems (New England Institute of Complex Systems)
• Cools S., Gershenson C., D'Hooghe B. (2007) Self-organizing traffic lights: A realistic simulation, In Prokopenko, M. (Ed.). Self-Organization: Applied Multi-Agent Systems, Chapter 3, pp. 41-49. Springer, London. 
• Gershenson C. Design and Control of Self-Organizing Systems (ECCO working paper 2007-01, also PhD thesis, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel)

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Bootstrapping paradox for learning novelties

This research is based on the discovery of similarity in self-organization and distributed cognitive systems to regulate novelty. Novelty is the common entity between discovery, creativity and innovation. The research aims at building a theory for novelty and make it applicable for regulating breakthrough innovation via the Internet

Researchers: Kiemen, Heylighen

Selected References:

• Kiemen M (2011) The Agile-Enterprise Innovation Planning: how to align self-organization processeses for innovation management, in proceeding of INNOV'11.
• Kiemen M (2011) Self-organization in open source to support collaboration for innovation: the Drupal case, in proceeding of 21st ISPIM conference
• Kiemen M (2010) Global brain inspired alignment by Drupal: between strategic problems, practical web development and cognitive insights, R&D management conference. 
• Kiemen M, Coenen T, Vandijck E, Torfs E (2009)  Enterprise Innovation Planning with social software, in proceeding of 20st ISPIM conference
• Kiemen M. (2008) Artificial Meta-System Transition to clarify useful Novelty Control,  in proceeding of 19th EMCSR conference
• Kiemen M. (2006) A Triple Loop Model to Ground Higher-Level Cognition,  in proceeding of 18th EMCSR conference

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Social Construction of Shared Categories

This  a four-year project funded by the FWO, in collaboration with the Social Cognition Lab (Psychology Department, VUB). It tries to determine how individually learned concepts or categories can become consensual through communication between the individuals, and in what ways the consensual concept is different or "better" than the individual ones. The issue is investigated in parallel through computer simulation and experiments with groups.

Researchers: Heylighen, Gershenson, Van Overwalle, Biebaut

Selected References:

• F. Heylighen & F. Van Overwalle: Research proposal to the FWO: The social construction of shared concepts: empirical study and computer simulation of a distributed cognitive process

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Connectionist Modelling of Social and Distributed Cognition

This collaboration builds on the previous one to examine more generally how cognitive processes can be distributed over different individuals connected by communication media. It assumes that these connections are variable, adapting to the task by reinforcing successful ones and weakening the others. Computer simulations of such processes help us to understand how knowledge and information propagate and self-organize within groups and organizations.

Researchers: Van Overwalle, Heylighen

Selected References:

• Heylighen F., Heath M., F. Van Overwalle (2004): The Emergence of Distributed Cognition: a conceptual framework, Proceedings of Collective Intentionality IV, Siena (Italy)
• Van Overwalle F. & Heylighen F. (2006): "Talking Nets: A Multi-Agent Connectionist Approach to Communication and Trust between Individuals", Psychological Review 113, 606-627.

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From Information Society to Global Brain

This projects, now performed by the ECCO subgroup "The Global Brain Institute", extends the connectionist perspective to better understand the future evolution of world society. The emerging knowledge-, network- or information society is conceptualized in analogy with the human brain, which is an immensely complex, self-organizing network of neurons and synapses, where information is processed in a distributed way, and where knowledge is developed through connectionist learning mechanisms.

Researchers: Heylighen, Weaver, Veitas, Busseniers, Kiemen, Rodriguez

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. (2007): Accelerating Socio-Technological Evolution: from ephemeralization and stigmergy to the global brain, in: "Globalization as an Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change", edited by George Modelski, Tessaleno Devezas, and William Thompson, London: Routledge, p.286-335.
• Heylighen F. (2007): "The Global Superorganism: an evolutionary-cybernetic model of the emerging network society", Social Evolution & History. 6 No. 1,p. 58-119
• Heylighen F., Bollen J. (1996) The World-Wide Web as a Super-Brain: from metaphor to model, in: Cybernetics and Systems '[96 R. Trappl (ed.), (Austrian Society for Cybernetics).p. 917-922.
• Heylighen F. (2004): "Conceptions of a Global Brain: an historical review", Technological Forecasting and Social Change

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Support Systems for Collective Intelligence

Collective intelligence is the ability for a group to produce better decisions than the best of its members. This requires various methods for integrating the ideas and experiences of the members into a collective preference. These methods are most easily implemented on the web, leading to tools such as recommendation systems based on collaborative filtering, electronic democracies, prediction markets, wikis, and social networking systems. We are studying these various approaches to find out their benefits and shortcomings, and use these insights to propose more powerful, integrated systems.

Researchers: Rodriguez, Watkins, Heylighen, Bollen, Kiemen, Coenen,  Gershenson

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. (1999): "Collective Intelligence and its Implementation on the Web: algorithms to develop a collective mental map", Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 5(3), 253-280.

• Watkins, J.H. and M. A. Rodriguez, “A Survey of Web-based Collective Decision Making Systems”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Evolution of Web in AI Environment, Eds. R. Nayak and L.C. Jain, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, LA-UR-07-2028, 2008. 245--279.

• Rodriguez, M.A., Steinbock, D.J., Watkins, J.H., Gershenson, C., Bollen, J., Grey, V., deGraf, B., Smartocracy: Social Networks for Collective Decision Making,in: 2007 Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science (HICSS), Track: Electronic Government - E-Democracy, Waikoloa, Hawaii, IEEE Computer Society.
• Coenen T. Knowledge sharing over social networking systems (ECCO working paper 2006-11) (also: PhD thesis, defended Faculty ES, VUB, 2006)

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 From Knowledge Organizing to the Interversity

The concept of stigmergy explains how collaboration and cognition can self-organize with the support of a medium in which provisional results are recorded, so as to stimulate further improvements. We apply this perspective to the collaborative organization of knowledge, in the form of a shared semantic network of concepts and their relations. A computational medium for such knowledge organizartion would support all the functions of a true university: research, to develop new concepts; education, to help students assimilate existing concepts; and assessment, to test in how far an individual has effectively assimilated concepts. The medium is intended to guide users towards a better grasp of concepts, either by pointing them to the most relevant existing material, or by eliciting new insights from them.

Researchers: Nagarjuna, Heylighen, Kiemen, Rodriguez,

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. (2005) CAS²: a Complex Adaptive System for a Complex Adaptive Science,(research proposal)
• Kharatmal, M., & Nagarjuna, G. Understanding Science Through Knowledge Organizers: An Introduction. .
• Kharatmal, M., Sandhya, R., & Nagarjuna, G. Information and Knowledge Management Using GNOWSYS. Recent Advances in Information Technology.
• Heylighen F. (2001): "Bootstrapping knowledge representations: from entailment meshes via semantic nets to learning webs",  Kybernetes 30 (5/6), p. 691-722.

 

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The Extended/Embodied Mind

From a cybernetic perspective, cognition is not limited to what happens inside the brain: it involves interaction with the environment via perception and action, and the use of tools to support thinking and memory. By redrawing the boundaries between mind and world, we hope to better understand fundamental cognitive processes (including consciousness). This will also help us to design external supports to augment individual and collective intelligence.

Researchers: Kiemen, Bollen D., Heylighen, Nagarjuna

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. & Vidal C. Getting Things Done: the science behind stress-free productivity (ECCO working paper 2007-08) , to appear in "Long Range Planning"
• Heylighen F. Cognitive Systems: a cybernetic perspective on the new science of the mind (ECCO working paper 2007-07) , lecture notes for the course "Cognitieve Systemen"
• Bollen D., A dynamical systems analysis of an embodied and situated model of cognition, M. Sc. Thesis university of Maastrich(nl), 2004.
• G., Nagarjuna (2005) Muscularity of Mind: Towards an Explanation of the Transition from Unconscious to Conscious. [Preprint]

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Neural Mechanisms of Intelligence

Here we try to understand and model the fundamental processes underlying intelligence (perception, inference, problem-solving, thinking, creativity, ...) as the spreading of activation through a network of concepts and associations. Major hypotheses are that such propagation is more efficient in more intelligent brains, that the essential function of cognition is anticipation, and that activation cycles "up" and "down" between percepts and concepts in a bootstrapping fashion. The framework is inspired by recurrent connectionist models and by the "memory-prediction" framework proposed by the brain theorist Jeff Hawkins in his book "On Intelligence".

Researchers: Heylighen, Martin (Sheehan), Van Overwalle, Rodriguez

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. Cognitive Systems: a cybernetic perspective on the new science of the mind (ECCO working paper 2007-07) , lecture notes for the course "Cognitieve Systemen"
• Heylighen F. A Nodal Growth Algorithm for Concept Discovery (ECCO working paper 2006-02)
• Heylighen F. Characteristics and Problems of the Gifted: neural propagation depth and flow motivation as a model of intelligence and creativity (ECCO working paper 2006-05)
• Sheehan, Evan Louis. 2006. The Mocking Memes: A Basis for Automated Intelligence. AuthorHouse.

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Memetics and Cultural Evolution

This projects further develops and operationalizes the theory of memetics, which studies the propagation of memes, "idea viruses" or units of imitation as a process of variation and natural selection, and its implications for the evolution of culture. Practical applications include "memetic engineering", i.e. the design of effective vehicles to propagate positive ideas, and the creation of of an "immune system" at the socio-cultural level to minimize the spread of harmful memes or "viruses of the mind", such as fundamentalist ideologies, superstitions, and unfounded rumors.

Researchers: Martin (Sheehan), Vada, Heylighen, Chielens

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. & Chielens K. Cultural evolution and memetics, to appear in: Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, Springer, 2008.

• Sheehan, E. L. 2006. The Mocking Memes. AuthorHouse
   

   

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Complex Systems Models of International Governance

Principles of systems, cybernetics, non-linearity and self-organization help us to better understand the interaction between actors in the international community, the emergence of new actors, and the possibility for creating a flexible system of governance that involves all stakeholders, while transcending the rigidities of the traditional legal framework.

Researchers: Göktepe, Geeraerts, Tezcan

Selected References:

• Geeraerts G.: War, Hypercomplexity, and Computer Simulation, Systems Research, Vol. 11, (1994), No. 4, pp. 53-66.
• Tezcan, Mehmet Y. The EU Foreign Policy Governance As A Complex Adaptive System, International Conference on Complex Systems 2006 (ICCS06), Boston, Massachussetts, USA, 25-30 June 2006. 

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Measurement and Promotion of Well-Being

Happiness, quality-of-life, or well-being can be seen as the intrinsic value guiding personal and social development, providing the motivational equivalent of the evolutionary concept of "fitness". This projects tries to develop more accurate measures of this fundamentally subjective property, and to determine which basic factors promote the increase of social and individual well-being. The intention is to formulate guidelines that would most efficiently help us to augment overall well-being, individually, in the workplace, and in society at large. Such guidelines could be used to decide about policy at the global, national or organizational level, establishing a reliable standard for progress.

Researchers: Bernheim, Iliano, Heylighen

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. & Bernheim J.(2000): "Global Progress I: empirical evidence for increasing quality of life", Journal of Happiness Studies 1(3)
• Bernheim J. (1999): "How to Get Serious Answers to the Serious Question: `How have you been?': Subjective Quality of Life (QOL) as an Individual Experiential Emergent Construct", Bioethics 13: 3&4 .
• Bernheim J. et al. (2006): The Potential of Anamnestic Comparative Self-Assessment (ACSA) to Reduce Bias in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being, Journal of Happiness Studies 7: 2, p. 227-250
• Heylighen F. (1992): "A Cognitive-Systemic Reconstruction of Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization", Behavioral Science 37, p. 39-58.

 

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Facilitating Interpersonal Problem-Solving

When two or more parties have to solve a problem together, their judgment is often clouded by avoidable conficts and emotional tensions. We try to develop methods that help them to reformulate the problem towards a win-win situation, using methods such as emotional management, empathetic understanding of the other's perspective, and systematic analysis of the cognitive preconceptions underlying the problem.

Researchers: Sabharwal, Holbrouck, Stewart, Heylighen

 

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Complexity Thinking for Innovation Management

The general concepts and principles of complexity, evolution and cognition apply in particular to present-day business, which takes place in an ever evolving ecosystem of competitors, suppliers, customers, technologies, rules, etc. A successful business entreprise requires constant innovation to adapt to a rapidly changing environment, and a broad and deep understanding of future opportunities and risks. The concepts and mechanisms underlying complex, adaptive systems need to be developed into a concrete toolbox for the entrepreneur or manager, that would help him or her to see clearly through the web of non-linear interactions and dependencies, and to steer an efficient, goal-directed course through the unpredictable changes that accompany them, ready to exploit any novel idea or opportunity.

Researchers: Kiemen, Goldchstein, Vada, Holbrouck, Iliano, Heylighen, Gershenson

Selected References:

• Heylighen F. & Vidal C. Getting Things Done: the science behind stress-free productivity (to be published in: Long Range Planning)
• Gershenson C. & F. Heylighen (2004). How can we think the complex? in: Richardson, Kurt (ed.) Managing the Complex Vol. 1: Philosophy, Theory and Application.(Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence/Information Age Publishing)

 

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Resilience 

This project is focused on links between resilience, self-organisation, and evolution of agents in complex adaptive systems and pathways through which these agents can enhance their synergy, coordination and fitness. These dimensions are particularly important for the design processes and engineering methods of future urban structures and ecosystems.

Selected References

• Beigi, S. (2015). Engineering an Anthropocene Citizenship Framework. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1508.03525. 
• Beigi, S., & Taylor, C. A. (2015). Looking through the lens of Nature: can we think of infrastructure systems as an extension of natural systems? (No. 2015-09).